Hollerith's Machine (History of computer)

 HOLLERITH'S MACHINE

In 1885, Herman Hollerith, a census statistician with U.S Census Bureau, developed a machine run on electricity for the first time for calculating and recording data. Hollerith's machine was capable of  reading both numbers and letters, processing and giving out letters and numbers in the desired form.

The input was in the form of punched cards and the combinations of hole formed the "code" of input data. He invented a machine that punched holes on cards which was called "Tabulator". This machine processed the cards by detecting holes by electronic contents and also performed the function of selecting and sorting the cards this machine solved the information of 60 million people of 1890 U.S. census just in three years. in 1896, 

Hollerith established his own company called Tabulating Machine company (TMC). The same company is today known as "INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION" (IBM)

Charles Babbage (History of computer)

 Charles Babbage

Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage a nineteenth century professor at Cambridge University is considered to be the father of computer modern digital computer. He designed his "differential Engine" in 1822 and his "Analytical Engine" in 1833 which was designed later, is generally recognized as the milestone signifying the start of the computer age.

  

Different Engine

JACQUARD'SS LOOM (HISTORY OF COMPUTER)

JACQUARD'SS LOOM

 

Joseph Jacquard initiated actual developments in the early nineteenth century. 

Jacquard was a textile manufacture. He invented Automated Loom in 1804. 

He used punched card to produce complex cloth patterns with automated loom. 

The function of the loom depended upon the absence or presence of holes on the card thus Jacquard's loom paved the way for the modern storage mechanism on punched cards and the binary coding system.

Pascal's adding machine (History of computer)

 Pascal's Adding machine

The first mechanical adding machine was invented by Blaise Pascal in (1642). 

He developed it to help his father who was tax officer in France. 

The second machine was more effective calculator produced by Gottfried Leibnitz in 1684 which performed multiplication and division. 

Napier's Bones (history of computer)

 Napier's Bones 

The next manual calculating device logarithms was invented by John Napier's Bones in (1550-1617).

The use of logarithms enabled him to transform multiplication and division problems into problems of addition and subtraction. The word logarithms is a combination of two Greek word, loges (means ratios) and arithms ( means number).When he first invented these numbers he had no idea of base.

later in 1624, professor Hurry Briggs of  Gresham college, London defined base and tabulated logarithms of base "e" ("e" is a number whose value is approx. 2.710 and base 10). The invention of logarithms was an important breakthrough in the development of mathematics and computing device.  

Abacus history of computer

 The Abacus 

(Abundant Beads, Addition and Calculation Utility Systems) 

The earliest and the simplest device that was used for calculations was the Abacus. 

Simple Abacus has been in use since 3000 B.C Abacus was first developed in 

china and later its use spread to all part of the world. Even today, it is still used in many countries in like soviet Union, Japan, China and other countries in far-east. It was the first device to introduce the concept of data-storage. Abacus is a clay board with number of beads that are placed on rods (or) wires. The beads are moved from one side to another for counting 

What is mouse?

 

What is mouse?

It is a pointer device which operates all types of graphical information. It consists two to three buttons.

1.       Left button- general purpose used

2.       Right button- Special purpose used

  Middle button- Additional purpose

 It is an electro-mechanical device used as a pointer to select items from an 'On screen' menu. Mouse was originally designed with the idea of reducing the number of key strokes required for a particular task. The mouse uses a ball which activates the switches situated on the side of the curve on which the ball is placed and on the moving the ball, the signal sent to the CPU to detect the movement of the mouse across a flat surface, a mouse pad is used.

A scientist Dugles C. Engelwart has invented. This equipment in 1977 at Stanford Research Laboratory. previously it was known pointer device. This is of four types:

•  mechanical mouse 
• optical mouse 
• Bus mouse 
• serial mouse

Mouse is generally a square box in which a rubber pad is fixed below and buttons on top. in a mouse normally two buttons exists in which only left button is used frequently. right button is used sometimes. in some special cases. in different programs by mouse we can affect the display on the screen. mouse cursor is generally an arrow point which moves according to instructions given by the mouse.

What is keyboard ?

 What is keyboard

It is the primary input device through with the user can send any type of information to the computer.

 Keyboard having ordinary keys of a typewriter, the computer keyboard has some special function keys.

The keyboard is divided into 4 main parts:

(i)    Main Pad                          (ii) Function key Pad

(iii) Numerical Key Pad         (iv)  Special Key Pad

The keyboard provides different keys to perform various operations. The following table explains you the various operations of keyboard.

Different keys of keyboard

(a)    Character key- A to Z

(b)    Number key- 0 to 9

(c)     Mathematical key- %    *    +   -    /  = < >

(d)    Function keys- F1 to F12

(e)    Special keys- CTRL, ALT, CAPSLOCK, DEL, SPACEBAR, SHIFT, TAB

(f)      Punctuation keys- ,   ;    !   ?  ~

(g)    Navigation keys- PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, END, HOME

(h)    Special character keys- & @ _

(i)      Editing keys- INST, DELET, BACKSPACE

Merits And Demerit of Computer

 

Merit Of Computer

1.      

              Speed-

                       It process the information and display the result with in a second.

2.       Accuracy- 

                 It displays the result with an accurate from. If there in any mistake that is not the mistake of                    computer but the mistake of the user.

3.       Timeless- 

                It have the extra time consumption because can do the take with in a second.

4.       Storage- 

                A budge amount of data can store in a computer and easily recover the data can from the                         computer.

  Demerit of computer

1.       Lack of computer- 

                    A computer has no sense to feel the user feelings.

2.       Limitations- 

                    Computer always depends upon the existing memory. It there is no memory the computer not                  store any data.

3.       Depends upon and user- 

                    Computer cannot process automatically in order to run a computer it most need a user.

What is updating and Upgrading ?

 

Updating

                Previously adding and changing is known as updating.

Upgrading

                Changing from lower version to higher version is known as upgrading.